How Big Is The Universe?

To be clear, a truly infinite universe means that anything that is not impossible (no matter how obscure) will happen, must happen and must happen, weirdly, an infinite number of times...... In continuation of my article about the solar system.

let the readers to view it at the large scale of infinity. We humans are driven by the desire for knowledge. The ability to understand the workings  and   structure of our environment helped our species reach the highly developed point in our own history where we are today.

Although humanity regularly produces new technological milestones, there are still almost countless realities that elude our knowledge almost entirely. While these mysteries of life on the one hand cause big question marks over the heads of experts. the fascination that emanates from these unsolved mysteries is equally undisputed.

This topic becomes particularly exciting whenever we turn to a field that seems to exceed our tangible horizon. In the case of the universe, research is still in its infancy despite all the rockets sent into orbit and the successful moon landing in 1969. At present, we know only a tiny part of what is currently still hidden from our eyes in the infinite vastness of space.

The question of how big the universe as a whole actually is a mystery that mankind has been dealing with for countless centuries. With today's contribution i would like to present the current state of research on this topic. I will show you the current state of astronomical knowledge of our species and will also talk about why the answer to the question of the size of the universe is so difficult to come by.

The Vastness of the Universe: let's begin our journey through the vastness of the universe what we can see of the universe. when you take a look at the sheer gigantic starry sky at night many of us realize how small we ourselves are in relation to the big picture. the thousands of twinkling stars in the firmament bear silent witness to the fact that our small home planet is only a tiny part of what is commonly known as the universe, yet even a quick glance at the canopy of the sky is enough to understand that the universe must be larger than anything we can even imagine but can we scientifically understand how big the universe is in detail this question has always been a central point in the field of Cosmological Research it is even within the realm of possibility that this question can never be answered satisfactorily. to get satisfatory answers more in detail by Using cosmological surveys to trace the evolution of the Universe and understand its accelerated expansion. ... The group at the Institute of Space Sciences of the Spanish National Research Council (ICE-CSIC) and the Institut d'Estudis ... surveys like the Dark Energy Survey (DES) and the Euclid mission.

Cosmological Survey Research Group: The Group mainly focuses on studying models of dark matter and dark energy, evolution of cosmic large-scale structure (LSS), epoch of reionization (EoR) and corresponding cosmological surveys. The projects include Chinese Space Station Telescope (CSST), Tianlai project, Square Kilometer Array (SKA), Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), etc. They keep close collaboration with institutes and colleges in United States, South Africa and Europe. their specific researches include: theoretical and observational studies of axion, dark energy from multi-band observations, line intensity mapping for the LSS and EoR studies, cosmic infrared background, machine learning in cosmological study, CSST cosmology, etc...

Chinese Space Station Telescope: The Chinese Space Station Telescope (CSST), which is set to launch in 2024, will operate as a space optical observatory for Chinese scientists to carry out sky surveys, according to Xinhua.The telescope, sometimes called "Xuntian," which literally translates to "survey the heavens," will have an impressive 6.6-foot (2 meters) diameter lens, making it comparable to the Hubble Telescope Scope. However, it boasts a field of view 300 times greater than that of 31-year-old Hubble while retaining a similar resolution.

The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is a global big-science project to build the world's largest and most capable radio telescope. During its more than 50 year lifetime, the SKA will expand our understanding of the universe and drive technological developments worldwide. The project is in the pre-construction phase. How the SKA works? Modern radio telescopes are collections of antennae that are scattered over a large area. Using a technique called interferometry, they behave as a single dish, with a total collecting area of all the antennas combined – up to one square kilometre for the SKA. 

The aim of Cosmological Survey Research Group have been discussed above, now come to the point of big bang theory....

The Big Bang: However this does not mean of course that experts would not try to answer it anyway. We currently know that the universe as we know it today was created about 13.8 billion years ago. The process known as the Big Bang which essentially describes the formation of matter space and time from a previous singularity is therefore considered the birth of our universe in physical cosmology, the cosmic microwave background radiation plays a central role in the study of the earliest state of the universe, this is a type of radiation in the microwave range that was created in the course of the big bang and still flows through the infinite expanses of the galaxy today with the help of various measurements which examine the said radiation and put it in relation to different distances researchers succeeded in dating the approximate age of our universe at the same time this also means that we are currently able to look 13.8 billion light years into space from the earth. if one wanted to visualize this circumstance one could create a spherical drawing with the earth as the center the rest of the sphere now describes the area we can see from our blue home planet. In technical language the universe visible to us is called the event horizon. In detail the event horizon describes the spectrum of objects whose reflected light we can just about  see  from  the earth however those processes that take place behind this event horizon are currently completely invisible to our human eyes. since we do not know exactly what is actually behind the observable universe. It is all the more difficult to answer the question of the overall size of the universe.

The Expansion of the Universe: if one considers the question of how big the universe is in its entirety an essential fact cannot be ignored as experts today now know the universe is constantly expanding while at the time of the big bang an object was still about 13.8 billion light years away from the earth the distance between the celestial body in question and our home planet is now already 46 billion light years as a result of the expansion of space this circumstance also means that in the future we will be able to see objects in the firmament that are still hidden from our eyes today. At the same time due to the expansion of the universe some celestial bodies will disappear from our star charts in the future. Naturally during these observations we put our earth in the center. this is simply due to the spatial circumstances as we have no other choice than to mark our home planet as the central vantage point in our star charts but at which geographical point our blue home planet is actually located within the constantly growing universe is impossible to answer today.

The Measurement of the Universe: As I mentioned at the beginning international teams of experts regularly try to explore the entire dimensions of space despite all adversities to do this experts use a number of different methods that help researchers to explore the gigantic dimensions of the universe. key research methods include certain measurements that investigate the radiation of the early universe using these radiation movements scientists can determine different distances and try to quantify the dimensions of the universe. The oldest known light source (GN-z11 is currently the oldest and most distant known galaxy in the observable universe. GN-z11 has a spectroscopic redshift of z = 11.09, which corresponds to a proper distance of approximately 32 billion light-years (9.8 billion parsecs). that researchers have been able to identify in this way is 92 billion light years away from earth conversely however, this does not mean that the located object is actually the outermost component of the universe. The question of whether the universe ends somewhere is actually much more difficult to answer than many of us would at first assume, basically the further away an object is from our home planet the longer it takes for the light reflected by it to reach our earth. Some Objects in the galaxy are at such a great distance from us that the light rays they emit sometimes take billions of years before we can see them from earth. According to this there are currently still countless light rays in the universe on their way to us which have been traveling through the universe for billions of years but have still not reached us (OMG). the question of the size of the universe.

The Shape of the Universe: to calculate the size of an object it is essential to know the corresponding shape of the object. The actual shape of our universe is still an unresolved question within research which has not yet been satisfactorily answered. While some scientists suspect that our universe is constructed like a self-contained sphere which could be a part of a Superordinate Multiverse, other experts think that the universe is rather a flat space which is also infinite. if one follows the first thesis our universe would be a self-contained structure with an endpoint somewhere. So if our galaxy is indeed a finite construct then at least theoretically it would be possible to determine the dimensions of the universe mathematically, provided the experts had the necessary data. 

The Concept of the Multiverse: Let's define a multiverse. Think about the word "universe." When people use this term, they tend to refer to all that exists. However, if you use the term universe as "everything we can ever see," this implies there is more than one universe out there. We will be using the latter to describe our universe, with the assumption that we are part of a multiverse. Though the idea of a multiverse is very controversial, at its core, it is a relatively simple concept to wrap your head around. In short, our entire universe is only a small part of a much larger number of universes. The alternative universes are part of an unobservable area of space-time. Our universe is just one of many universes. Some have speculated that in the multiverse, each universe could have its own separate laws of physics. However, the concept of the Multiverse is not a scientific theory in and of itself. Instead, it is a theoretical consequence based on our current understanding of the laws of physics. if you have an inflationary Universe governed by quantum physics, you may well be bound to wind up with a multiverse. But the theory of a multiverse also has some big problems.

For example, it doesn't predict anything we have observed and can't explain without it, and it also doesn't predict anything definitive. You can go and look for. There are multiple explanations out there for our Multiverse but i will discuss only one beacuse it has verious dimensions.. 

The Big Bang Might be the first clue..

You are probably very familiar with the concept of the Big Bang. Astronomers know the Universe is expanding, they can measure the distance of galaxies from us, and how fast they appear to be moving away. The farther away they are, the faster they appear to recede, which General Relativity tells us means the Universe is expanding. And if the Universe is expanding, that means it was smaller and denser in the past, as well as more uniform and hotter. This leads us to the Big Bang, which has been postulated to have occurred some 13.8 billion years ago. However, what happened before the big bang? If we go back far enough in time, we find that there are things that can be observed in the Universe that the Big Bang can't explain.

So, Astronomers have come up with another theory - Cosmic Inflation. This tells us that before the Big Bang, it was filled with energy. That energy caused space to expand very rapidly. When inflation ended, the energy was converted into matter and energy, which then led to the Big Bang. In our modern conception of cosmic inflation, that period of rapid, accelerated expansion is driven by a new character to join the cosmological cast: something called the inflaton. Get it? The inflaton inflates. ... In this picture, the inflaton is a quantum field that permeates all of space and time.

The Universe is Infinite: however if our universe is infinite then the question of size is simply a point that cannot be answered by definition. No size can be assigned to infinite objects because they have no boundary points that would allow a mathematical explanation. According to some statements of NASA, the universe is a flat construct that is infinitely large. However our universe itself has a finite age and as already mentioned was created about 13.8 billion years ago, that's why it's only possible for us to investigate the time period between the big bang and today.

An unanswerable question even if international teams of experts currently do not know how big the universe really is researchers can say with certainty that the universe is an incredibly huge possibly even infinite construct which exceeds all of our horizons with its gigantic dimensions. The precise exploration of the universe is essentially a work that will involve countless generations of experts and even though we will probably never know in our lifetime how huge the universe is in detail. this circumstance will not dampen our fascination for the exciting world of foreign stars and planets. what do you think about the true size of the universe do you think that the universe is a closed entity or an infinitely large construct?...

feel free to let me know your thoughts on this topic in the comments thanks a lot and see you next time...

Elude

escape from or avoid (a danger, enemy, or pursuer), typically in a skilful or cunning way.

"he tried to elude the security men by sneaking through a back door".

Emanate

of a feeling, quality, or sensation) issue or spread out from (a source).

"warmth emanated from the fireplace"

Firmament

the heavens or sky. "thunder shakes the firmament".

Canopy

a cloth covering suspended over a bed. b : a cover (as of cloth) fixed or carried above a person of high rank or a sacred object.

Interferometry

is a measurement method using the phenomenon of interference of waves (usually light, radio or sound waves). The measurements may include those of certain characteristics of the waves themselves and the materials that the waves interact with.

Spatial

Relating to or occupying space."the spatial distribution of population".

Recede

go or move back or further away from a previous position. "the floodwaters had receded".

Fascinate 

Attract the strong attention and interest of (someone).

Fascination

the power to fascinate someone; the quality of being fascinating.

Dampen

make slightly wet."the fine rain dampened her face".

Artificial Intelligence and its Role

Hello and Welcome , A lot of has been written about AI , what's make a difference, if i drop a piece of information into the ocean of AI Knowledge, lets start...

Artificial Intelligence (AI): is a broad branch of computer science that is focused on a machine’s capability to produce rational behavior from external inputs. The goal of AI is to create systems that can perform tasks that would otherwise require human intelligence. AI manifests itself in everyday life via virtual assistants, search prediction technology, and even ride-hailing services. 

History of Artificial Intelligence: The history of A.I began in antiquity, with myths, stories and rumors of artificial beings endowed with intelligence or consciousness by master craftsmen. The field of AI research was founded during a summer conference at Dartmouth College in the mid-1950s, where John McCarthy, computer and cognitive scientist, coined the term “Artificial Intelligence.”, He created the computer programming language LISP in 1958. LISP was initially used primarily by the AI community owing to its great flexibility due to its expressive power.  Though its use declined in the 1990s, in the 21st century there was renewed interest in LISP, especially in the open-source community. 

*(The first patent for the invention of the telephone happened in 1876 and AI was introduced at a much later stage.)

John McCarthy: was an American Mathematician and Computer Scientist who was a pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence (AI); his main research in the field involved the formalization of common-sense knowledge. Born: September 4, 1927, Boston, Massachusetts, United States, Died: October 24, 2011, Stanford, California, United States. 

McCarthy received (1951) a doctorate in mathematics from Princeton University, where he briefly taught.  McCarthy also was involved with developing Elephant 2000, a programming language with semantic features based on speech acts. Though its name suggested that it might be implemented in the year 2000, McCarthy revised the deployment date twice—to 2005 and then to 2015. He also developed ideas about the processing characteristics of trees (as used in computing), as distinct from nets. McCarthy’s numerous honours include the A.M. Turing Award (1971), the Kyoto Prize (1988), the National Medal of Science (1990), and the Benjamin Franklin Medal (2003).

Artificial Intelligenceand its Role:  There are so many amazing ways artificial intelligence and machine learning are used behind the scenes to impact our everyday lives. In this article, I’ll show you examples how artificial intelligence is used in day-to-day activities such as: Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare, in business , in Education, in Autonomous Vehicles, Cyborg Technology etc etc...let's discuss fewer of these amazing interfaces.

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Companies are applying machine learning to make better and faster diagnoses than humans. One of the best-known technologies is IBM’s Watson. It understands natural language and can respond to questions asked of it. The system mines patient data and other available data sources to form a hypothesis, which it then presents with a confidence scoring schema. AI is a study realized to emulate human intelligence into computer technology that could assist both, the doctor and the patients in the following ways: 

By providing a laboratory for the examination, representation and cataloguing medical information By devising novel tool to support decision making and research By integrating activities in medical, software and cognitive sciences By offering a content rich discipline for the future scientific medical communities.

IBM’s Watson SuperComputer: (It helps clients facilitate medical research, clinical research, and healthcare solutions, through the use of artificial intelligence, data, analytics, cloud computing, and other advanced information technology, Watson is an IBM supercomputer that combines artificial intelligence (AI) and sophisticated analytical software for optimal performance as a "Question Answering" machine. The supercomputer is named for IBM's founder, Thomas J. Watson)

A.I in Fitness: AI-powered applications can tailor individual fitness plans according to your current fitness level, eating habits, goals, data obtained from wearable devices, and a lot more. In addition, these applications possess the ability to check your workout form and correct you, just like a trainer would do. AI is making use of sports data to create readable information on different sports events. For instance, software like Wordsmith is capable of processing sporting events to provide summaries of the major events of the day. ... AI in Match Predictions — Machine Learning can be used to predict the result of matches.

AI in Business: Robotic process automation is being applied to highly repetitive tasks normally performed by humans. Machine learning algorithms are being integrated into analytics and CRM (Customer relationship management) platforms to uncover information on how to better serve customers. Chatbots have already been incorporated into websites and e companies to provide immediate service to customers. Automation of job positions has also become a talking point among academics and IT consultancies.

AI in Education: Smart Content. Another way AI changes the education industry is by adding new methods for students to achieve success. It automates grading, giving educators more time. It can also assess students and adapt to their needs, helping them work at their own pace. A.I can help break down silos between schools and between traditional grade levels. An educator spends a tremendous amount of time grading homework and tests. AI can step in and make quick work out of these tasks while at the same time offering recommendations for how to close the gaps in learning.

AI in Autonomous Vehicles: Just like humans, self-driving cars need to have sensors to understand the world around them and a brain to collect, processes and choose specific actions based on information gathered. Autonomous vehicles are with advanced tool to gather information, including long range radar, cameras, and LIDAR. Each of the technologies are used in different capacities and each collects different information. This information is useless, unless it is processed and some form of information is taken based on the gathered information. This is where artificial intelligence comes into play and can be compared to human brain. AI has several applications for these vehicles and among them the more immediate ones are as follows: 

Directing the car to gas station or recharge station when it is running low on fuel. Adjust the trips directions based on known traffic conditions to find the quickest route. Incorporate speech recognition for advanced communication with passengers. Natural language interfaces and virtual assistance technologies.

Artificial Intelligence for Robotics will allow us to address the challenges in taking care of an aging population and allow much longer independence. It will drastically reduce, may be even bring down traffic accidents and deaths, as well as enable disaster response for dangerous situations for example the nuclear meltdown at the Fukushima Power Plant. 

The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster was a 2011 nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Ōkuma, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. The event was caused by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. It was the most severe nuclear accident since the Chernobyl disaster in 1986.

AI in Cyborg Technology: One of the main limitations of being human is simply our own bodies and brains. Researcher Shimon Whiteson thinks that in the future, we will be able to augment ourselves with computers and enhance many of our own natural abilities. Though many of these possible cyborg enhancements would be added for convenience, others may  serve a more practical purpose. Yoky Matsuka of Nest believes that AI will become useful for people with amputated limbs, as the brain will be able to communicate with a robotic limb to give the patient more control. This kind of cyborg technology would significantly reduce the limitations that amputees deal with daily.

Dr Shimon Whiteson: Associate Professor of Computer Science; Fellow of St Catherine's College, Professor Whiteson's research focuses on artificial intelligence. His goal is to design, analyse, and evaluate the algorithms that enable computational systems to acquire and execute intelligent behaviour. He is particularly interested in machine learning, with which computers can learn from experience, and decision-theoretic planning, with which they can reason about their goals and deduce behavioural strategies that maximise their utility. In addition to theoretical work on these topics, he has in recent years also focused on applying them to practical problems in robotics and Search Engine Optimisation. He is an adviser to industry and government agencies on matters related to artificial intelligence and machine learning.

Artificial Intelligence assists in every area of our lives, whether we’re trying to read our emails, get driving directions, get music or movie recommendations. I’ll show you examples how artificial intelligence is used in day-to-day activities such as: Social media, Digital Assistants, Self-Driving And Parking Vehicles, Email communications, Web searching, Stores and services, Offline experiences.

In the future, predictive analytics and artificial intelligence could play an even more fundamental role in content creation and also in the software fields. Open source information and artificial intelligence collection will provide opportunities for global technological parity and the technology of artificial can become the future in all the domains of health, environment, public safety and security.

Artificial Intelligence Holds in Our Daily lives....... 

We all might be aware of the present situation, and what value does AI holds in our lives. AI collects and organizes large amounts of information to make insights and guesses that are beyond the human capabilities of manual processing. Amazing! Isn’t it?. With its increasing organizational efficiencies, the likelihood of a mistake and detected irregular patterns is reduced. So, if we talk about spam or fraud, or the warning it provides to business in real-time about suspicious activity, a lot has been safeguarded already.  Cost reduction has helped the business to increase their share of profits. For example – “training” the machines to handle customer support calls and replacing many jobs in that way.

Summary.....................

AI is making lots of progress in the scientific sector. Artificial Intelligence can handle large quantities of data and processes it quicker than human minds. This makes it perfect for research where the sources contain high data volumes. AI is already making breakthroughs in this field.

Manifests.

show (a quality or feeling) by one's acts or appearance; demonstrate

Ride-hailing services. 

A ridesharing company (also known as a transportation network company, ride-hailing service, app-taxi or e-taxi) is a company that, via websites and mobile apps, matches passengers with drivers of vehicles for hire that, unlike taxicabs, cannot legally be hailed from the street.